SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet based life MARKETING STRATEGY - Essay Example Similarly just like the case in the mid 1920s when TV and radios were top-of-mind in the field of publicizing, face-book, twitter, and other interpersonal organizations have become famous showcasing and limited time destinations for various organizations (Wollan et al., 2011, p.56-65). Finding a functional and practical showcasing arrangement is the sacred goal challenge for top markets today. Promoting lost impact and strength of the media when web agreed all the crowd the capacity and capacity to oversee and run customized message conveyance frameworks. With facebook, myspace, linkerdIn, instagram, web journals, pinterest, foursquare, cry, and twitter pulling in over 89% clients, it is in this manner basic for the official markets to reexamine advertising. Be that as it may, as prove the breakdown of top worldwide organizations which intensely put resources into web based life promoting, the entire thought of serious web based life advertising system is increasingly intricate and s hould be basically analyzed (Wollan et al., 2011, p.56-65).... ctive Media Strategies to Market Mix The â€Å"willingness and ability† to create assorted and new relationship with our customers is the key apparatus in coordinating internet based life to coordinate practical conventional market blend. By intently looking at the 4P’s Marking Mix Model; item, spot, cost, and advancement, it is noticed that the achievement of showcasing depends on the quality of association set up between the enterprise and its objective clients (Wollan et al., 2011, p.56-65). This is the sole goal in advertising as it was over 10 years back. With the expanded rivalry in each industry, firms exploits current elements in social showcasing the greatest advance in promoting and publicizing development as organizations hotspot for the best and best advertising technique which associates them with their intended interest group. This brought up the issue on how showcasing has changed in the course of the most recent decade. One web based life blog posted, â €Å"I accept we are in the Toddler Phase of Social Media Marketing. A few organizations will walk and talk quicker than others - however we ‘ALL’ need to walk.† And not planning to â€Å"Coin a Phrase†. Some showcasing advisors and supervisors have likewise suggested the expression â€Å"Re-concocting Social Media† as an answer for social advertising and market blend difficulties (Wollan et al., 2011, p.56-65). Advertising Integration and Social Media: Toddler Categories The main gathering of web based life promoting babies is those organizations which coordinates their online networking projects to coordinate their showcasing systems. Despite the fact that these organizations register gains from such activities, they additionally make blunders all the while. Their system is altogether established on the guideline of ‘willingness’, henceforth, they are normally portrayed as hazard sweethearts. This doesn't

Importance of Understanding Biological Basis of Behaviour

Significance of Understanding Biological Basis of Behavior This exposition will as a matter of first importance endeavor to quickly recognize a portion of the bases of getting conduct. Next, the natural methodology will be explained and this will be trailed by a compact assessment of the qualities and reactions of this methodology. Conduct can be comprehended from various bases (approaches). Among these incorporate Behaviorist, Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanistic and Biological methodologies (Glassman and Hadad, 2013). The conduct approach accept that conduct is made or altered by ecological variables, regardless of the brain (Chance, 2013). The other way around, understanding conduct from a subjective premise includes the thought of inner occasions (go betweens) between an upgrade and conduct. In spite of the natural methodology, these inward occasions are applied instead of physiological (Gardner, 2008). Thus, the psychodynamic approach accept that conduct is formed by inside mental procedures. Unexpectedly, it centers around the inspiration of conduct (purposefulness). Such inspiration impacts character and in this way impacts conduct (Glassman, Glassman and Hadad, 2008). From a humanistic point of view, conduct is comprehended from an individual’s abstract encounters (phenomenological perspective), an unrestrained choice of people to carry on which isn't impacted by prompt or past improvements (the limit of decision) and the worth people place on their encounters and activities (the job of significance) (Fernald, 2008). In the organic methodology, conduct is as consequence of neurological, hereditary and physiological procedures. The cerebrum and the focal sensory system assume a key job in deciding conduct. Changes in the development of the mind are hereditarily decided and bring about mental and social turn of events. A well-working sensory system delineates typical conduct. Unusual conduct is generally portrayed by substantial (natural) or hereditary issue, concoction uneven characters, mind injury or psychological maladjustment. Subsequently, the methods of treatment incorporate the utilization of medications, psychosurgery and electroconvulsive treatment. These are utilized to treat the fundamental reasons for the ailment or to soothe side effects (Sanders, 2014). There are different qualities in understanding conduct from an organic premise (approach). The natural premise of understanding conduct has improved our comprehension of conduct. It has effectively demonstrated the effect of hereditary factors in clarifying conduct (counting singular contrasts, for example, insight and some psychological issue. For instance, twin investigations have demonstrated that conduct, for example, weakness to mental scatters (Posthuma and Polderman, 2013) and knowledge (Franiㄆ¡ et al, 2014) is formed by hereditary variables. The organic way to deal with understanding conduct regularly adopts a reductionist strategy. Thus, different test contemplates have given valuable outcomes in getting conduct. For instance, physiological and hereditary investigations have contributed tremendously to our comprehension of rest (Wyatt et al, 1999, Allebrandt et al, 2011, Dauvilliers, Maret and Tafti, 2005). Understanding conduct from a natural premise has been helpfully applied in psychopathology. It has been helpful in the utilization of chemotherapy to treat mental clutters, for example, melancholy, uneasiness and schizophrenia (Rockstroh, 2001). Hereditary guiding for couples is because of our comprehension of the connection that exists among qualities and conduct. This could be of incredible help for certain couples who convey a quality that makes their youngsters powerless to a deadly sickness (Harper, 2010). It is likewise accepted that understanding conduct in its natural setting could help in speculations among creatures and people (Larsson, 2003). In spite of these qualities, the organic premise of understanding conduct faces a few reactions. It is contended that an intensive comprehension of conduct can't be built up from concentrating just natural elements. Social, social and mental elements have additionally been appeared to have an effect on conduct. It has consequently been censured for excluding these components in clarifying conduct (Glassman and Hadad, 2013). Besides, some have focused on that conduct is a procedure and not a substance as depicted in the natural methodology (Greenberg, 2011, Overton, 2006). From a natural point of view, there is extraordinary accentuation of the job of hereditary factors in molding conduct. In any case, this connection has been demonstrated to be aberrant and seen ineffectively. For instance, a twin report by Plomin et al. (1990) found that TV watching is affected by hereditary elements, yet it is hazy how qualities cause such impact. All in all, understanding conduct from just an organic premise appears to be insufficient. This calls for thought of different ways to deal with address its impediments. Absolute word check: 699 References: Allebrandt, K., Amin, N., Mã ¼ller-Myhsok, B., Esko, T., Teder-Laving, M., Azevedo, R., Hayward, C., Van Mill, J., Vogelzangs, N. furthermore, Green, E. (2011) A KATP channel quality impact on rest span: from genome-wide affiliation studies to work in Drosophila. Sub-atomic Psychiatry [online]. 18 (1), pp.122-132. [Accessed 16 October 2014] Possibility, P. (2013) Learning and Behavior. Cengage Learning. Dauvilliers, Y., Maret, S. what's more, Tafti, M. (2005) Genetics of ordinary and neurotic rest in people. Rest Medicine Reviews [online]. 9 (2), pp.91-100. [Accessed 14 October 2014] Fernald, L.D. (2008) Psychology: Six Perspectives. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Franiㄆ¡, S., Dolan, C.V., van Beijsterveldt, C.E., Pol, H.E.H., Bartels, M. what's more, Boomsma, D.I. (2014) Genetic and Environmental Stability of Intelligence in Childhood and Adolescence. Twin Research and Human Genetics [online]. 17 (03), pp.151-163. [Accessed 19 October 2014] Gardner, H. (2008) The Minds New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. Fundamental books. Glassman, W., Glassman, W.E. also, Hadad, M. (2008) Approaches to Psychology. McGraw-Hill International. Glassman, W.E. furthermore, Hadad, M. (2013) Approaches to Psychology. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Greenberg, G. (2011) The disappointment of biogenetic investigation in brain research: Why brain science is certifiably not an organic science. Research in Human Development [online]. 8 (3-4), pp.173-191. [Accessed 14 October 2014] Harper, P.S. (2010) Practical Genetic Counseling. Hodder Arnold London. Larsson, K. (2003) My approach to natural brain research. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology [online]. 44 (3), pp.173-187. [Accessed 25 October 2014] Overton, W.F. (2006) Developmental brain science: Philosophy, ideas, strategy. Handbook of Child Psychology. Plomin, R., Corley, R., DeFries, J.C. furthermore, Fulker, D.W. (1990) Individual contrasts in TV seeing in youth: Nature just as support. Mental Science [online]. 1 (6), pp.371-377. [Accessed 29 October 2014] Posthuma, D. what's more, Polderman, T.J. (2013) What have we gained from late twin investigations about the etiology of neurodevelopmental issue? Current Opinion in Neurology [online]. 26 (2), pp.111-121. [Accessed 30 October 2014] Rockstroh, B. (2001) Contributions of natural brain research to psychopathology. Natural Psychology [online]. 57 (1), pp.1-4. [Accessed 20 October 2014] Sanders, R.L. (2014) Biological Psychology. London: Learning Matters. Wyatt, J.K., Ritz-De Cecco, A., Czeisler, C.A. furthermore, Dijk, D.J. (1999) Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, rest, and neurobehavioral work in people living on a 20-h day. The American Journal of Physiology [online]. 277 (4 Pt 2), pp.R1152-63. [Accessed 30 October 2014] 1

The Determination Of The Presence Of Coliform Bacteria From Selected S

The Determination Of The Presence Of Coliform Bacteria From Selected Sources By Means Of The Most Probable Number (Mpn) Method Unique Coliform microorganisms are acceptable marker living beings for the nearness of pathogenic microbes because of their realtionship with these pathogenic microscopic organisms, their overall simplicity of assurance by straightforward techniques, and by their event in huge amounts in human defecation. The MPN strategy utilized in this trial is one of the endorsed procedures for the assurance of these coliform microbes from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater as recommended by the EPA. It comprises of three phases, every one of which requires a positive outcome for the past stage. The main stage (hypothetical test) decides the gas-delivering coliform trademark during lactose-maturation. The subsequent stage (affirmed test), decides the gram-response and furthermore the lactose maturation capacities of the creature, while the last stage (finished test) decides the endospore nearness to decide whether the living beings in the example undoubtedly are coliforms. The quantity of coliforms or microscopic organisms present is promptly observed with the utilization of an extraordinary table and afterward the measurably evaluated numbers are resolved. The examples, nonetheless, didn't create positive outcomes for the nearness of coliforms. Enventhough there was an enormous MPN esteem for one of the examples, around 1100 MPN per 100 ml, the example despite everything tried negative in the last stage. It is in this way do the trick to state that the examples didn't present any wellbeing dangers for people. Future analysts should, nonetheless, gadget or perform other progressively explicit systems because of the way that there may have been still coliforms present however these may have been invalidated by conceivable endospore-framing family members. Presentation Human wellbeing has consistently been a hard condition to save and the location and control of pathogens in nature have been the exceptionally key to the achievement of humankind. Albeit microbial pathogens are moderately not many in contrast with the complete number of microorganisms, their identification have been made simple with the utilization of marker living beings. Pointer life forms give scientists the advantage of making great suppositions on the nearness of pathogens before the pathogens duplicate in troubling numbers. For a microorganism to be acknowledged as a marker life form, it must be available in human defecation in huge sums to such an extent that the nearness of these microscopic organisms in a given example would as of now point to human fecal tainting. It was contemplated that the biggest measure of pathogens was available in human excrement, and in this way, the sign of the passage of a lot of human waste, from solid people or not, as of now demonstrate an extr aordinary hazard (NCSU). Likewise, pointer creatures must be available any place and at whatever point the pathogen life forms are available. All the more significantly, these marker living beings must be effectively noticeable in tests and tests for the estimation of their numbers must be sufficiently basic (Tortora et al. 1995). Coliform microscopic organisms fit all the necessities and are even sheltered to deal with in the lab. Coliform microbes are gram-negative and non-spore/endospore framing microorganisms, which incorporate aerobes and facultative anaerobes, and when brooded at 35?C with lactose in the media, will develop gas (CO2) inside 48 hrs, similar to Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter (NCSU). They are likewise pervasive in the colon and intestinal tract (however not all gatherings are available) of warm-blooded well evolved creatures, including man (Anderson et al. 1998). They are likewise identified with pathogenic microscopic organisms in that an enormous number of these coliform microorganisms for the most part suggest the nearness of some pathogenic microbes (Frank). These attributes of coliform microscopic organisms as of now get the job done the conditions delineated for these living beings to be named marker life forms. They happen in enormous sums in human dung, truth be told, people discharge billions of these coliforms (called fecal coliforms). They are available at whatever point and any place the pathogen living beings are available. All the more significantly, their essence is effectively distinguished as their attributes are handily tried with the utilization of basic strategies like gram-recoloring, endospore-recoloring and lactose aging tests. These standards and methodology presently structure the premise and the basis for the techniques by which this trial was directed. As a matter of fact, the utilization of coliform microscopic organisms as markers of the nearness of pathogenic microorganisms isn't new as of now. It as been set up since 1880, and as a result of their unwavering quality as pointer life forms, the

College essay topics to write about Salinity - Free Essay Example

Literature Review The aim of this literature review is to assess current research on the impact of salinity of pore water on the engineering properties of the soil, including shear strength and classification of the soil, ideally using Atterburg limits. The review focuses on the study of different soils and the impact of salinity on the engineering properties of the soil, addressing the types of experiments, the procedures in setting up the samples and the tests conducted as this will provide background information for the tests conducted in this dissertation. The literature review also examines the results of these tests as this will be useful for comparison of data during the analysis stage of this dissertation. Engineering Properties of Soil According to Ajam et al. (2015, p.350) the engineering characteristics of fine-grained soils, particularly clayey soils are influenced by a range of factors including density, porosity, and structure, as well as the history of tension and granulation, type of clayey minerals and plastic property. The engineering characteristics are also influenced by the type of minerals and the volume of these minerals in the pore water. This suggests that any change in these characteristics will lead to a corresponding change in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil. Engineering properties such as density, shear strength and the plasticity of soil are important as these properties affect the structural performance of the soil particularly under foundations and in other civil engineering applications. In basic engineering theory on soil mechanics, it is commonly assumed that the pore water and solid particles are chemically inert, in other words there is no chemical interaction b etween the different phases. However, Ajam et al. (2015, p.350) point out that the surface of clayey mineral particles is negatively charged which means that electrochemical forces exist between the solid, liquid and dissolved phases which influences the mechanical behaviour of clayey soil. In addition, it is known that the quantity and nature of electro-chemical forces depends on the type of anion and cation in exchange phase and the impact of this interaction on the cation exchange capacity. Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1419) make the point that the properties of water used in construction activities such as mixing concrete is governed by regulations and international standards, however there are fewer standards, governing the properties of water used in works associated with soil for example in the construction of earthen dams. Yet there is evidence to suggest that some minerals such as salt can affect the mechanical properties of soil. Bouksila et al. (2008, p. 254) suggest that t he impact of the saline on the soil is dependent on the solubility of the soil. Suganya and Sivapullaiah (2015, p.913) argue that the behaviour of the soil is dependent on the microstructure which in turn can be influenced by the water content and the chemical content of that water. Lolaev et al. (1997, p.215) suggests that the temperature of the soil and the chemical content of the salt can influence the bonds between particles within the micro-structure which in turn affects the engineering properties of the soil. Chaney and Demars (1985, p.219) point out that salt in pore can affect soil behaviour particularly in leaching which in a slope can lead to a landslide. Salinity and Microstructure The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the change in shear strength in the sample soil by considering the effect of values 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of pore water salinity and it is therefore prudent to examine similar studies, to determine the types of tests conducted and the results of those tests as this can then be used in assessing the outcomes of the dissertation research. According to Santamarina (2003, p.25) soils are particulate materials which means that the behaviour of soils is determined by the forces particles experience, including forces due to boundary loads which are transmitted through the skeleton of the soil and particle-level forces such as gravitational and buoyant forces as well as hydrodynamic forces. Soil particles are also influenced by contact level forces such as capillary, electrical and cementation reactive forces. It is the balance between these forces that determine soil behaviour and very often laboratory testing can be used to understand a nd predict this behaviour. Sassa et al. (2007, p.143) makes the point, for example that the shear strength of mudstone is dependent on the chemistry of the mineral and their reaction with saline. It is clear therefore that there is a link between saline pore water and the engineering performance of soils, however it can be difficult to predict and simulate this behaviour. Tiwari et al. (2005, p.1445) suggest that an inward diffusion of the salt into clay can lead to an increase in the mean aggregate radius, which changes the structural component of the soil into what can be described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“irregular aggregationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In soils that have more than 10% clay content the use of a saline pore water fluid can affect the physicochemical structure of the soil, affecting changes strength and compressibility of the material. For example, Kenney (1967, 1977) cited by Tiwari et al. (2005, p.1445) showed that increasing the NaCl concentration in pore fluid could lead to an increase of up to 200% in residual shear strength. Gratchev and Sassa (2013) One of the difficulties with understanding the impact of salt on soil behaviour is that according to Chaney and Demars (1985, p.219) it is difficult to match the salinity in the field with laboratory testing because of the interstitial nature of pore-water salinity. Research on Saline Pore Fluid and Soil According to a study conducted by Nagase et al. (2006, p.209) the concentration of salt (NaCl) in the pore fluid affects the mechanical properties of soil as evidenced by the fact that during a recent earthquake in Japan, the saline concentration of the soil decreased due to leaching and there was a corresponding decrease in the cyclic strength of soil. Messad and Moussai (2016, p.301) studied the impact of saline on sabkha soils which are typically low strength and high compressible materials in which it is difficult to design and construct foundations. In this study the effect of salts on water content and Atterberg limits of the sabkha soil was conducted with tests using distilled water and natural sabkha brine along with saline solutions with different salt concentrations. The results revealed that the liquid and plastic limits decrease with pore fluid salinity when using conventional water content. However, it was also noted that liquid limit and plastic limit increase when th e fluid content method is used. van Paassen and Gareau (2004, p.327) also studied the effect of pore water salinity on shear strength and compressibility of remoulded clay. The study sought to compare the results with marine clay from the Caspian Sea which has a known lower shear strength than anticipated as well as a higher moisture content. This clay also has lower pre-consolidation pressures than the calculated in-situ effective stress which indicated under-consolidation. The results of the study revealed that increasing pore water salinity, led to a decrease in the moisture content of normally consolidated clays and the remoulded shear strength corresponded to these moisture content changes. The compressive behaviour of the clay is explained using the modified effective stress concept which takes account of the pore pressure and effective pressure as well as the electrochemical repulsive and attractive forces between the clay particles. van Paassen and Gareau (2004, p.327) fo und that the laboratory tests on the remoulded clays revealed the opposite results to those obtained by taking the measurements in the natural soils, which is attributed to the effects of soil structure and preconsolidation pressure. In addition, the results showed that the measured pre-consolidation pressure depends largely on the salinity of the permeating fluid and it was concluded that it is possible to approximate pre-consolidation pressure close to the known geological stress in marine clays with high pore fluid salinity, using a brine solution that closely resembles the pore fluid chemistry. Yan and Chang (2015, p.153) studied the effects of pore fluid salinity on the shear strength and earth pressure coefficient at rest (K0) of three fine-grained soils including kaolin, bentonite and a marine clay. The K0 coefficient and the critical state friction angle (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) were determined using triaxial stress path testing on remoulded normally consolidated samples. The Atterb erg limit test and sedimentation test revealed that the inter-particle force and soil structure of bentonite were affected by the salinity, whereas the other materials were insensitive to the pore fluid salinity, as shown in Figures 1 to 3. In this study Yan and Chang (2015, p.154) estimated the value of K0 using empirical formulas such as Jakyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s formula and Atterberg limits. It was found that Jakys formula satisfactorily predicted K0 for kaolin in all conditions with consistent underestimates for marine clay. In contrast prediction using the Atterberg limits failed in all cases, especially for the particularly for bentonite at low salinity. Figure 1 Triaxial stress path of testing bentonite with different salt contents (Yan and Chang 2015, p. 156, Figure 4) Figure 2 Triaxial stress path of testing of kaolin with different salt contents (Yan and Chang 2015, p. 156, Figure 3) Figure 3 Triaxial stress path of testing of marine clay with different salt contents (Yan and Chang 2015, p. 156, Figure 5) The laboratory tests found that the pore fluid salinity has little impact on the value of K0 and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in the kaolin samples and the marine clay. However, it was also found that an increase in pore fluid salinity has a corresponding significant increase in à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ for the bentonite and a decrease in the K0. These findings were attributed to the microstructure of the minerals in the materials (Yan and Chang 2015, p.157). Zhang et al. (2013, p. 69) conducted tests on undrained shear behaviour of loess that was saturated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The aim of the tests was to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration in pore water and desalinisation on the shear behaviour of the samples in undrained conditions. The samples of loess were taken from the ground surface in China and were saturated by de-aired, distilled water with different concentrations of NaCl. Each sample was then su bjected to shear in undrained conditions. The samples were then remoulded and re-set into a shear box and re-saturated by passing through de-aired, distilled water and essentially desalinised, and subjected to shear testing, again in undrained conditions. The results of both sets of tests were compared and it was found that variation of NaCl concentration in the pore water affects the shear behaviour of saturated loess, with increases in peak shear strength and steady-state strength corresponding to increases in NaCl concentration until a peak value after which shear decreases with increases in NaCl concentration. It was also noted that the effects were reversible as the peak shear strength and steady-state strength of the desalinised samples recovered to those found in the original sample. Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1422) conducted a study to assess the impact of salt water on the behavioural parameters of fine-grained soil. The tests started by determining the basic characteris tics of the soil and water samples, followed by laboratory tests including Atterberg limits, standard compaction and consolidation tests as well as direct shear testing and dispersion tests including the pinhole test and chemical method. The soil sample was graded in compliance with ASTM D 4318 on soil passing no. 100 sieve, consisting of 37% gravel and sand, 35% silt and 28% clay. An XRD analysis of the material revealed that the fine grains of soil consist mainly of quartz, calcite and dolomite with some gypsum and 5% of the clay mineral montmorillonite. The samples of this fine soil were subjected to three different type of water with varying salt content, namely distilled water, half saline and fully saline water. Atterberg Limits. The tests were performed according to ASTM D 4318 on soil passing no. 100 sieve. For half saline and saline water, this test was performed at 0, 24 and 48 hours after soil and water exposure. The compaction test was used to impact of the type of wa ter on optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The test was carried out according to ASTM D698-70 on soil passing no. 5 sieve with the saline test carried out at 24 hours and 48 hours after soil and water exposure. consolidation test was performed according to ASTM D2435 on soil passing no. 60 sieve and the process involved compacting a sample at optimum moisture content in a 20mm thick consolidation ring with a 70 mm diameter. The mould was left under loading equipment and a load of 1 kPa was applied on it and the sample was immersed for 24 hours. Then the sample was loaded with the stresses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 2.5 kg/cm2. In the direct shear test, performed according to ASTM D3080 on soil passing no. 5 sieve the soil was compacted at optimum water content in 10 x 10mm mould apparatus at stresses of 0.5, 1 and 2 kg/cm2 and shearing velocity was 0.35 mm/min. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Before shearing at each stress, the sample was immersed and consolidated during 24 hours under th e same stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ajalloeian et al. 2013, p.1421). According to Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1424), the results showed that plastic limits with distilled, half saline and saline water are 21.31, 20.43 and 20.12 respectively. Salinity has little effect on the plastic limit however this depends on the moisture content of the soil which could affect the interaction between soil and solute in water. But in liquid limit, in which soil moisture is higher, the effect of salinity will be more. The liquid limit has decreased 5 and 17 percent with half saline and saline water respectively. Mahasneh (2004) cited by Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1425) attributed the decrease in liquid limit and plastic index by using saline water of Dead Sea to substitution of water molecules by salts that led to the decrease of the double layer thickness and water content and subsequently it stiffened the soil. Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1424) also cites Mansour et al, (2008) who indicate that the pr esence of high valence exchangeable cations in Dead Sea brine decrease the repulsive forces in the soil microstructure thus influencing soil behaviour. This means that the Vander Waals attractive forces are dominant, which increases the capillary stress between particles boundaries. Ultimately this reduces the available surface for interaction with water as shown in the Atterberg limits. In the present study, the lower part of changes of Atterberg limits are attributed to decrease in the double layer thickness and most of the changes can be attributed to sediment salt in the soil pores, because the XRD analysis showed montmorillonit content in the soil was approximately 5%. On the other hand, salt crystals were seen in the soil after drying it. The plastic index also decreased along with the liquid limit because of the increase in salinity of the pore water fluid. The results showed that the Atterberg limits, compression index and swelling index as well as the coefficient of volu me compressibility (mv) and coefficient of compressibility (av) decreased as water salinity increased. In addition, it was clear that the coefficient of consolidation and shear strength parameters increased with increase water salinity. These impacts were attributed to the increasing attractive force between soil particles, which establishes a bond between them, forming salt crystals in pores soil and effectively acting as a cement. Despite the fact that the concentration of saline water is 50 times more than that of half saline water, the difference between soil properties is not noticeable and it appears that the variations on the soil properties decreases as water salinity increases. However, the study also found that excessive concentration of water tends to cause cations to combine with anions to form salts before they can influence the clay minerals. This means that an increase in concentration of water does not have significant impact on the behaviour of the soil. The consoli dation tests showed that soil behaviour with all three types of water is similar at high pressure, attributed to the fact that inter-particles bonds are broken at high pressures. In another study, Otoko (2014, pp.9-10) investigated the impact of saline water from the Atlantic shore on three type of soil including a clay, clayey sand and base course material. Prior to testing 10kg of each of these soil types were dried at 100oC, sieved to establish grading in accordance with ASTM D421 and ASTM D422, as shown in Figure 4 and stored at room temperature. Figure 4 Particle Size Distribution of clay, clayey sand and base course samples (Otoko 2014, p.10, Figure 2) An analysis of the physical properties of the above soils indicate that the clay sample has the highest specific gravity of 2.75, with the base course sample having the lowest value of 2.50. The moisture content was also measured and ranged from 15% to 29% for the clay soil, 13% to 15% for the clayey sand sample and 11% to 14% for base course (Otoko 2014, p. 14). A series of six samples were prepared using 3kg of each of the materials; one mixed with tap water and the other with saline water from the Atlantic Ocean salty for each type of soil. Compaction tests were then carried out to establish optimum moisture content and dry unit weight in accordance with ASTM D698 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 78, ASTM and AASHTO T180 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 90, with results shown in Figures 5 to 7. Figure 5 Compaction Curves for Clay soil using tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 204, p. 11, Figure 3) Figure 6 Compaction Curves for Clay sand using tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 204, p. 11, Figure 4) Figure 7 Compaction Curves for Base course sample using tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p. 12, Figure 5) These figures indicate that the maximum dry unit weights of the clay were 20.9, with the clayey sand and the base course material having dry u nit weights of 22.5 and 19.5kN/m3 respectively when mixed with tap water. The maximum dry unit weight for the clay decreased from 20.9kN/m3 to 17.5kN/m3 when the material was mixed with saline water. However, it was noted that there was an increase in the maximum dry unit weight for both clayey sand and base course from 19.5kN/m3 to 20.5kN/m3 and from 22.5kN/m3 to 23.2kN/m3 respectively. This is attributed to changes in the intermolecular structure, where in the clay sample the saline induced repulsive force between the salt molecules and the clay intermolecular structure, which increased the intermolecular distances and void ratios in the sample whereas the increase in the dry unit weight of the base course is attributed to a chemical reaction between the salt molecules and soil particles, thus hardening the material and increasing the dry unit weight (Otoko 2014, p.14). A further 100g of the materials were mixed with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water for the Atterbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Limits test. Six paste specimens were prepared to determine the Atterberg limit of the soils. The results of these tests showed that each of the soils tended to stiffen with decreased Atterberg limits for the samples with salt water as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Effect of Saline water on Atterberg limits and compactions (Otoko 204, p. 13, Table 1) The samples were also subjected to unconfined compression testing that had been compacted to optimum water content and placed in a cylindrical shaped mould measuring 112.5mm height and 50.0mm diameter as specified in ASTMD 2166 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 85. The results of these tests are shown in Figures 8 to 10 (Otoko 2014, p.11). Figure 8 Stress strain relationship for Clay soil with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p.13, Figure 6) Figure 9 Stress strain relationship for Clay sand sample with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p.13, Figure 7) Figure 10 Str ess strain relationship for Base course with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p.13, Figure 6) In the above figures, the relationship between the unconfined shear strength and strain from three soil types using tap and salty water show that the clay soil sample and the clayey sand sample have higher unconfined compressive strength for the saline state. This is attributed to the fact that the clay soil has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“multi layers of gibbsite and silica sheets with hydrogen bonding linking these sheetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which become closer under axial compression, which increases resistance to compression and leads to higher shear strength (Otoko 2014, p.14). In contrast, the structure of base course contains compacted calcium oxide molecule, which as shown in Figure 10, fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“more rapidly than clayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , with the saline water enhancing the shear strength of the base course, largely because of the conversion of the calcium oxides and hydroxide into calcium chloride, which can resist higher values of shear (Otoko 2014, p.15). A study conducted by Gratchev et al. (2007, p.349), into the cyclic behaviour of bentonite-sand mixtures that were treated with salt, found that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cyclic shear strength at lower concentrations of salt was greater than that obtained at higher salt concentrationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Gratchev and Sassa (2013, p.1817) studied the cyclic behaviour of soil under different physico-chemical conditions by conducting a series of undrained cyclic stress-controlled ring-shear tests on a natural soil permeated with solutions of NaCl, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to examine the cyclic behaviour of soil with different pore fluids. The study concluded that an increase in NaCl concentration from 1 meq/L to 11 meq/L leads to a corresponding decrease in the shear resistance of soil to cyclic loading. In addition, it was found that the soil environment affects the behavio ur of the soil, for example in acidic and alkaline environments, it was found that the cyclic shear strength of soil decreases compared to specimens with distilled water. The changes in the cyclic behaviour of soil with different pore fluids are attributed to changes in the diffuse double layer of clay, whereby large concentrations of NaCl, NaOH, and H2SO4 can decrease the thickness of the diffuse double layer, thus producing soil structures that are less resistant to cyclic loading (Gratchev Sassa 2013, p.1820). Summary of Literature Review The engineering characteristics of fine-grained soils, particularly clayey soils are influenced by factors such as density and porosity, structure, type of minerals and plastic properties. Any change in these characteristics will ultimately change the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil. The addition of salt to pore water can affect the behaviour of the soil by influencing the electrochemical forces exist between the solid, liquid and dissolved phases. It is acknowledged that it is possible to conduct laboratory tests to understand the impact of saline pore water fluid on soil behaviour although it is difficult to mirror actual site conditions. A number of different research experiments were investigated, which revealed that: the concentration of salt (NaCl) in the pore fluid affects the mechanical properties of soil. the impact depends on the type of soil; for example, the impact of saline pore water on low strength, highly compressible soils, such as sabkha, increases the liquid limit and plastic limit. increasing pore water salinity in some soils can decrease in the moisture content of normally consolidated clays and the remoulded shear strength, whereas variations of salt content in materials such as loess increases the peak shear strength and steady-state strength. in some soils, such as kaolin, the Atterberg limits and compression index, as well as the swelling index and the coefficient of volume compressibility decreased, as water salinity increased. shear strength parameters increase with increased water salinity, attributed to the increasing attractive force between soil particles, which establishes a bond between them, forming salt crystals in pores soil and effectively acting as a cement. in cyclic behaviour of soil under different physico-chemical conditions an increase in NaCl concentration leads to a corresponding decrease in the shear resistance of soil to cyclic loading. the soil environment affects the behaviour of the soil, for example in acidic and alkaline environments, cyclic shear strength of soil decreases compared to specimens with distilled water. References Ajam, M., Sabour, M.R. and Dezvareh, G.A., 2015. Study of water salinity effect on geotechnical behavior of soil structure using response surface method (RSM), (Case study: Gotvand Dam). Ciencia Natura, 37, pp.350-359. Ajalloeian, R., Mansouri, H. and Sadeghpour, A.H.,2013. Effect of Saline Water on Geotechnical Properties of Fine-grained Soil. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 18, pp.1419-1436. Bouksila, F., Perrson, M., Berndtsson, R. and Bahrii, A.,2008. Soil water content and salinity determination using different dielectric methods in saline gypsiferous soil. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53:1, 253-265. Chaney, R.C. and Demars, K.R., 1985. Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In-situ Measurements: a Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock, San Diego, CA, 26-27 Jan. 1984, Issue 883. New York: ASTM International Gratchev, I., Sassa, K., Osipov, V., Fukuoka, H., and Wang, G., 2007. Undrained cyclic behavior of benton ite-sand mixtures and factors affecting it.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 25(3), pp. 349à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"367 Gratchev, I.B. and Sassa, K., 2013. Cyclic shear strength of soil with different pore fluids. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(10), pp.1817-1821. Lolaev, A.B., Shklyarov, N.D. and Lyalina, O.A., 1997. Effects of salts on physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils. Engineering Geology and the Environment In Marinos, G. (ed.) Engineering Geology and the Environment, Volume 1. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp.215-220. Messad, A. and Moussai, B., 2016. Effect of water salinity on Atterberg limits of El-Hodna sabkha soil. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 75(1), pp.301-309. Nagase, H., Shimizu, K., Hiro-oka, A., Tanoue, Y., and Saitoh, Y.,2006. Earthquake-induced residual deformation of Ariake clay deposits with leaching. Soil Dynamics Earthquake Engineering, 26(2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"4), pp. 209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"220. Otoko, G.R., 2014. The Effect of Salt Water on the Physical Properties, Compaction Characteristics and Unconfined Compressive Strength of a Clay, Clayey Sand and Base Course. European International Journal of Science and Technology 3(2), pp.9-17. Santamarina, J.C., 2003. Soil behavior at the microscale: particle forces. Geotechnical Special Publication, pp.25-56. Sassa, K., Fukuoka, H., Wang, F. and Wang, G., 2007. Progress in Landslide Science. London: Springer Science. Suganya, K. and Sivapullaiah, P.V., 2015. Effect of changing water content on the properties of Kuttanad soil. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,33(4), pp.913-921. Tiwari, B., Tuladhar, G.R. and Marui, H., 2005. Variation in residual shear strength of the soil with the salinity of pore fluid. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 131(12), pp.1445-1456. van Paassen, L.A. and Gareau, L.F., 2004. Effect of pore fluid salinity on compressibility and shear strength development of clayey soils. In Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe. Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, pp. 327-340. Yan, W.M. and Chang, J., 2015. Effect of pore water salinity on the coefficient of earth pressure at rest and friction angle of three selected fine-grained materials. Engineering Geology, 193, pp.153-157. Zhang, F., Wang, G., Kamai, T., Chen, W., Zhang, D. and Yang, J., 2013. Undrained shear behavior of loess saturated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. Engineering Geology, 155, pp.69-79. Zhu, C.M., Ye, W.M., Chen, Y.G., Chen, B. and Cui, Y.J., 2013. Influence of salt solutions on the swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite. Engineering Geology, 166, pp.74-80.

Disgrace by J.M Coetzee - 1222 Words

Disgrace as a novel explores colonialism and its aftermath by approaching various issues and themes, and some major ones are of body politics and the differences in experiences of the ‘post-colonizer’ and ‘post-colonized’. In this paper I will be looking at prospective analogies; the female body being a territory for colonial and post-colonial conquest and also the protagonist Lurie himself being symbolic of the colonial enterprise whose power exists in residual. Beginning with the issue of body, there are two major characters who despite being constructed differently in different spaces experience patriarchal and colonial power equations. Melanie is introduced to us in the first half of the text through the gaze of Lurie. She is described as both exotic and striking. His pursuit is more than just a sexual endeavor, the powerlessness and loss of control over women had left him in an â€Å"anxious flurry of promiscuity† (Coetzee, Disgrace 19). She is rather easily coaxed into an intercourse and â€Å"since David’s voice controls the narrative, his interpretation of Melanie’s behavior should be suspect.† (Giles 13) It is here when the parallel between gender relations and relationship between the colonizers and colonized can be observed. Just as incidents were documented by the narratives of colonizers, voice of the natives were either presented as complacent or mute. David’s opinion of women in the earlier pa rts of the novel (some places later as well) is as objectifying andShow MoreRelatedDisgrace, by J.M Coetzee Essay951 Words   |  4 Pages Disgrace was written in 1999 by author J.M Coetzee. Born in South Africa in 1940, Coetzee grew up during apartheid, something that has tinged his writing to a great extent (Nobelprize.org). Disgrace is set in a post-apartheid Cape Town where the protagonist David Lurie is forced to terminate his job after Melanie, a student, files a sexual abuse claim against him. In this essay I will explore how David Luries own view on masculinity is affected by his idolization of Lord Byron, and how this allowsRead MoreDisgrace by J.M Coetzee1300 Words   |  5 PagesJ. M. Coetzee, was born in Cape Town on the 9th of February 1940. Coetzee begun his tertiary education at the University of Cape Town receiving his honours in English and mathematics. He went further to receive his PhD in English, linguistics and Gemanic languages at the University of Texas. In 2002, Coetzee emigrated from South Africa to Adelaide, Australia. J. M. Coetzee is well known for being an active member of fighting for, hum an rights, animal rights and gender equality. J M Coetzee’s novelRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Disgrace By J.m Coetzee968 Words   |  4 PagesJ.M Coetzee is a distinguished author who has written over sixteen novels and has even won a nobel prize for his inspiring work. Coetzee is best known for his controversial novel Disgrace. 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M Coetzees Disgrace1053 Words   |  5 Pages The novel by J.M Coetzee, Disgrace, outlines the shame placed upon a white, middle-class professor who is frowned upon for his sexual activity with a student and in turn, emphasizes a foul image of white men in post-apartheid South Africa.   The topic that has been chosen to  discuss, is one that addresses the protagonist s, David Lurie, understanding of the nature of the conflict to be resolved and the hurdles to be  overcome.  Ã¯ » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Overall, this paper will allow the reader to visualize the  way in  whichRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Disgrace1334 Words   |  6 Pages Disgrace, a novel by J.M. Coetzee, portrays how disgrace is always there, yet evolves over time. The disgraces portrayed in the book range from personal shame, as is the case with Lucy and Melanie, to public regret, as shown through the board members, robbers, Petrus, and animals. Despite the many disgraces mentioned in the novel, Coetzee’s overall underlying focus for the story is to show how David comes to terms with his disgrace. From the first page it is clear David is our protagonist as theRead MoreThe Role Of Animals In Disgrace By J. M Coetzee1344 Words   |  6 Pagesman as a species† (Berger 4). In the novel â€Å"Disgrace† by J.M Coetzee, animals, especially dogs play not only the common role as a companion but also as a fundamental key in our protagonist’s behavioral change. Dogs were the creatures able to fill at least a portion of the lonely heart of our main character, David Lurie. They were significant characters throughout the entire plot of Coetzee’s novel where they assumed different roles. JM Coetzee’s Disgrace portrays dogs as more than just another animalRead More Disgrace: Parent-Child Relationships Essay2831 Words   |  12 PagesFamily is often a common theme that is shared across many of J.M Coetzee novels. Family members are usually distant to each other or the relationships between parents and children do not succeed in a conventional way. When Coetzee allows for members to engage in relationships with one another they are either â€Å"strained† or tainted by â€Å"violence† (Splendore 148). This is especially true in his novel Disgrace. In Disgrace David Lurie, an English professor, is arguably forced to resign from his positionRead More`` Disgrace Byj.m Coetzee `` : Sexuality And Gender Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality and Gender People around the world tend to say that this is a man’s world, and in the novel Disgrace by J.M Coetzee, the author demonstrates how men are more â€Å"powerful† than woman through the way the characters use women for sex and the experience each women in the novel goes through. The three main female characters that demonstrate the different experience of women and sex are; Melanie, Lucy, and Bev. Melanie is a young, ex-student of Professor Lurie, who is beautiful enough to seduce

Should Privacy Be Legal - 1296 Words

Citizens Online Privacy The question about the government having access to the citizens personal data produced is very controversial. Some people agree that â€Å"if you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear†, while others contend that this issue is invading our privacy and violating two different amendments (Solove). What is at stake is not fear of people knowing what we buy or look up, but rather the government having the power to invade our privacy and not needing to notify us. I believe that the government having the legal ability to look into our personal data online is wrong and should not be allowed. Having the government keeping an eye on people’s moves can be beneficial, although it can also be harmful. People in favor of the government will argue they are preventing terrorist attacks. With the government keeping a hand in everyone’s online data, they are always looking for something wrong. In some cases, you could be making a simple purchase of a book or chemicals for a science project. Daniel J. Solove, a professor of law at George Washington University and author of Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff Between Privacy and Security, gives an example of such a case with, â€Å"suppose you bought a book about cancer. This purchase isn t very revealing on its own, for it indicates just an interest in the disease. Suppose you bought a wig. The purchase of a wig, by itself, could be for a number of reasons. But combine those two pieces of information, and nowShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Rights : Moral And Legal Foundations1584 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber of definitions of privacy. Intellectuals have published works with varying content throughout the years. In 1890, Warren and Brandeis’ article gathered that privacy is the â€Å"right to be let alone† (Samuel Warren). 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Brand Management Wellbeing Company

Question: Discuss about theBrand Managementfor Wellbeing Company. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the marketing analysis of an Australian cereal product known as Weet Bix. Weet Bix from the long time is classified as the long standing product in the market not only in the market but also outside the Australian market. The brand has gained a reputation in the Australian market and has recognised as the product of choice by the Aussies. The study will focus on the product life cycle stages of the primary product of the company Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company. The companys most popular product Weet Bix is a low sugar and high fibre breakfast biscuit that is popular among the markets of Australia and New Zealand. In the product life cycle stages, Weet Bix is described in a proper way so that the company can formulate proper strategies to compete its attention in the market. In the competitor analysis, Weet Bixs competitors will be known that will help in building market strategies that will increase its brand image as well as market share as a whole. The perceptual map of Weet Bix will help to know the market positioning of it along with its other competitors in the market in terms of certain parameters. Product Life Cycle Stage Weet Bix is considered as the iconic healthy breakfast food among the population of Australia and New Zealand. The company has a unique sponsorship in terms of increasing market popularity. The cost based pricing of Weet Bix is related to maintain the sustainability of the brand. Weet Bix is recognized as one of the best option for breakfast for the persons who are willing to lead a positive life style. However, it can be said that the product falls in the maturity stage of the product life cycle stage (Bilir, 2014). The product life cycle stage consists of four stages such as introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The introduction phase of Weet Bix was characterised as less popular product with lower brand image and brand reputation. The price of the healthy cereal biscuit was also initially low in order to enter into the market while gaining recognition from the target customers of Australia. However, product life cycle of Weet Bix will help the company to build strategies that will help in increasing brand awareness as well as sales of the product while increasing the revenue of the company (Yang, Ryan Zhang, 2014). It can be said that the marketing strategies of the products in the four strategies of product life cycle stages are considered as different because the timeline of the products are different and the market conditions are different. It can be said that the market share of Weet Bix in different stages of product life cycle is different due to varied market conditions as well a s varied consumer responses. In the growth stage of the product life cycle, WeetBix has gained the total industry sales revenue (Karniouchina et al., 2013). However, it can be said that the total profit of the industry can be achieved in terms of the total sales of Weet Bix in the market. Weet Bix in terms of its market capture and brand recognition has reached to a level that the company has to introduce many versions of the products not only for the adults but also for the kids. In the maturity stage of the product life cycle, it can be described that, the Weet Bix has a market reputation along with a wide recognition and acceptance towards the target customers. The profitability of the company as well as the product integration and introduction of new features in the product can be a way out while increasing the sales that have been considered as levelled off (Chang, Lee Chen, 2014). However, it can be said that the different types of add on characteristics of the product will increase the brand popularity and the price is kept in reasonable along with the standard quality maintenance. As Weet Bix belongs to the maturity level, hence it can be said that occasional advertisement is essential for the vital promotion of the product. The target of the company is to st op the product for becoming into the decline stage, which is quite dangerous (Gmelin Seuring, 2014). The brand popularity of Weet Bix is not only popular in the different parts of Australia but also in New Zealand also. It is known as the budget friendly health biscuit that will use cost based pricing method while supporting its branding activities. It can be said that the health biscuit of Weet Bix is the most popular breakfast cereal for almost 30 years of its establishment. It has been accepted the fact that the company has potential buyers and is accepted by the people of all categories. The main target of the company is to stand apart against its competitors in the matured stage of product life cycle. The sales of Weet Bix is being levelled off (Hollensen 2015). Competitor Competitor analysis is an important aspect of every brand in order to sustain their position in the market. It can be said that the cereal market of Australia is trending and is captured by many brands. The consumers of Australia have a number of options in terms of choosing healthy breakfast cereals (Jian, Cai Chen, 2017). The population of the country is very health conscious and are choosing products that are healthy and do not contain fat and calorie oriented. Competitor analysis of Weet Bix is essential in order to formulate marketing strategies that are essential for the increase of substantial market share and brand equity in the Australian market (Dinnie, 2015). A company has to create an image in the market so that they can implement the market strategies of the competitive advantage. Competitor analysis of Weet Bix consists of two aspects such as direct competitors and indirect competitors. Direct competitors consist of the companies, which are responsible for the direct c ompetition with the parent company Sanitarium. The competitors of Weet Bix are Kraft Foods, Kelloggs and Dick Smith Foods. The brands of these companies are Kelloggs Corn Flakes, Crunchy nut, Coco Pops, Nutri Gain, All Bran, Uncle Tobys, Carbans, Plus, Canstar Blue, etc (Grant, 2016). However, it can be said that direct competitor companies of Sanitariums Weet Bix are Uncle Tobys Plus Range and Kellogs Nutri gain cereal. It can be said that the brand image and brand reputation of Kelloggs in Australia is more than that of Weet Bix. The sales of Kelloggs in the year of 2010 are recorded as 12.4 billion. The Australian culture and tradition in the Australian households are recognised as the main criteria of choosing products. The main criteria is the health benefits of the products sold in the market (Peng Liang, 2016). The major strength of the company is its dominant position in almost 17 countries of the world along with the manufacturing plants, distribution channels and retail outlets. It has a spread over 180 countries. The strong emphasis of Kelloggs in maintaining an environmental and social responsibility to the community. However, on doing a competitor analysis, it can be said that the products of Kelloggs are higher priced compared to the price of health biscuits of Sanitarium. It is recognised as one of the weakness of the company because it will determine the shopping attributes of the consumers (Jian, Cai Chen, 2017). Competitor analysis is essential in order to formulate segmenting, targeting and positioning of the product in the market. However, it can be said that it is tough for Weet Bix in order to gain the position of Kelloggs in the Australian and New Zealand market. The position of the rival brands determines the current marketing attributes of Weet Bix in the market. However, in the market of healthy cereal biscuits in the Australian market that has much popularity (Pahnke et al., 2015). It is the reason of the product expansion of the company in the genre of different types of health biscuits. The health biscuits will develop many strategies based on the competitor analysis in order to create a market reputation as well as sales in the market. The numbers of competitors are increasing day by day hence, they should develop their brand to compete with the rival products of the country (Chen, 2014). Perceptual Map Perceptual mapping is the technique used by the companies while positioning the brand in the market. In this context it can be said that the perceptual mapping of Weet Bix is formulated which is based on certain attributes such as great tasting, less great tasting, low nutritional benefits, high nutritional benefits, etc. In terms of competition of the different types, brands present in Australia it can be said that the position of Weet Bix of Sanitarium falls under the category of high nutritional benefit with less great tasting. On the other hand, the products of Kelloggs have great tasting but they have low nutritional benefits (Mojtahed et al., 2014). Though Weet Bix has a high nutritional value, but they have a taste that does not match with the level of Kelloggs. The company can has different types of other products also that have different variants. Weet Bix has a reputed position in the Australian company. The perceptual map of the brand helps in the market positioning of the company in comparison to the different products of reputed brand in the Australian market. Perceptual map is the key of formulating marketing strategies of the company in order to position it in the market (Krawczyk Xiang, 2016). However, it is to be recommended to the company that the brand must enhance their taste in their different kinds of products in the company. Improve in the taste will help in attracting the different kinds of customers towards the health biscuit. There is also a point that usually health products are not good in taste. But due to competition in the market, the brand must improve their taste in order to attract more customers towards it. There are different kinds of brands that are present in the Australian market that has good tasty products with minimal health benefits (Bass et al., 2016). The company is focused with different health attributes but misses in the taste. It is one of the weakness that Weet Bix must consider in order to make them market rea dy. However, the reputation of the brand is also a plus point that will help in the different types of customer retention and gaining market share in Australia. Uncle Tobys Plus Range is the most popular product in this category that consists of the attributes that are acceptable by the customers and they are the consumers number one choice in terms of healthy breakfast meals for the Australian consumers (Deegan et al., 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded that Weet Bix is a popular breakfast cereal that has a market reputation in the Australian market. It can be said that in the stages of product life cycle, Weet Bix comes in the maturity stage. The competitors of Weet Bix have strong market dominance as well as different types of variants of the products. It is to be recommended that the brand must perform marketing activities that are relevant to the company as well as to the market position of the Weet Bix. The promotional strategies of Weet Bix are responsible for building the market reputation as well as the market positioning of the companies. The perceptual map of the Weet Bix is responsible for the formulation of market positioning of the brand in terms of few parameters. The parent company of the brand has many other products that are similar to the Weet Bix healthy biscuits. The new attributes of Weet Bix must be included in a way so that they can increase the popularity of the product in the Australian m arket. Traditional advertisement as well as the digital advertisements is to be focused but not as much increased level as the product is at maturity stage. References Bass, S. B., Wolak, C., Greener, J., Tedaldi, E., Nanavati, A., Ruppert, K., Gordon, T. F. (2016). Using perceptual mapping methods to understand gender differences in perceived barriers and benefits of clinical research participation in urban minority HIV+ patients.AIDS care,28(4), 528-536. Bilir, L. K. (2014). 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